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"L'ACIDO GAMMA-IDROSSIBUTIRICO
Pregi, limiti, perplessità: dalla revisione critica della bibliografia

di Giorgio Madeddu
Responsabile del "Centro Alcologico" per la diagnosi, cura e riabilitazione delle alcol-dipendenze (già Dispensario Alcologico)di Carbonia (CA).

  • PREMESSA
  • STORIA
  • PASSATO REMOTO
  • GHB e Delirium
  • PASSATO PROSSIMO
  • PRESENTE
  • CONCLUSIONI
  • BIBLIOGRAFIA

  • BIBLIOGRAFIA

    1) Laborit et al.: Sur un substrat metabolique a action centrale inhibitrice. Le 4-hydroxybutyrate de Na. Presse Med., 1960; 50: 1867-69
    2) Roth and Giarman: Biochem. Pharmacol., 1970; 19: 1087-93
    3) Sned and Morley: Ontogeny of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Regionale concentration in developing rat, monkey and human brain. Brain Res., 1981; 227: 579-89
    4) Maitre et al.: Subcellular distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding sites in rat brain. Principal localizzation in the synaptosomal fraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1983; 110: 262-5
    5) Fadda et al.: Suppression of volontary ethanol consumption in rats by gamma-butyrolactone. Life Sci., 1983; 32: 1471-7
    6) Fadda et al.: Suppression by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Alcohol Alcohol, 1989; 24: 447-51
    7) Mamelak et al.: Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A rewew of clinical and sleep laboratory findings. Sleep, 1986; 9: 285-9
    8) Gallimberti, Gessa et al.: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Lancet, 1989 Sept 30: 787-9
    9) Madeddu, Gerini, Floris, Fadda, Gessa: Efficacia dellíacido gamma-idrossibutirrico nel trattamento della sindrome da astinenza alcolica. Alcolismo: che fare?. Atti della conferenza, 1990; 63-76
    10) Gallimberti et al.: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependance: a double-blind study. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 1992; 16: 673-6
    11) Ferrara et al.: Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single e repeated oral doses. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1992 Sep; 34(3): 231-5
    12) Madeddu, Gerini, Floris: Il GHB, coadiuvante farmacologico nel trattamento dell'alcoldipendenza. Appunti Sparsi, 1992; 4: 5-8
    13) Addolorato et al.: An open multicentric study evaluating 4-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt in the medium-term treatment of 179 alcohol dependent subjects. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 1996; vol. 31;4: 341-5
    14) Mannaioni et al.: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induced supression and prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and relief of craving in alcohol dependent patient. Alcologia, 1995; 7(2): 9-16
    15) Gallimberti et al.: Gamma-Hidroxybutyric acid for treatment of Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993; vol. 9;1: 77-81
    16) Gerra et al.: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of heroin addiction. New trend in clinical neuropharmacology, 1994; vol 8; 2-4: 357-62
    17) Colombo et al.: Cross-tolerance to ethanol and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 1995; 273: 235-8
    18) Maremmani e Balestri: Alcolismo: clinica e terapia. Medicina delle tossicodipendenze, 1996 Set: 100-18
    19) Galanter-Kleber: ìTrattamento dei disturbi da uso di sostanzeî. American Psychiatric Association, 1996: 74-8
    20) Acute poisoning from gamma-hydroxybutirate. Mo. Med., 1995; 92(7): 354-7
    21) GHB use - New York and Texas 1995-1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1997 April; 46:(13): 281-9
    22) Galloway et al.: GHB: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. Addiction, 1997 jan.; 92(1): 89-96
    23) Williams et al.: GHB: a new drug of misuse. Ir.Med.J., 1998 Mar; 91(2): 56-7
    24) Suner et al.: Pediatric gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxication. Acad. Emerg. Med., 1997 Nov: 4(11): 1041-5
    25) Hernandez et al.: GHB-induced delirium; a case report and rewiew of the literature of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 1998 Feb.; 24(1): 179-83
    26) Schmidt-Mutter, Maitre et al.: The ansiolytic effect of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1998 Jan. 19; 342(1): 21-7
    27) Gerra et al.: Flumazenil effects on growth hormone response to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1994 Sept; 9(3): 211-5
    28) Madeddu: Delirium Tremens: dalla storia alla terapia. Appunti Sparsi, 1993; 1: 9-15
    29) Maitre et al.: A specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp- Ther., 1990; 225: 657-663
    30) Madeddu: L'alcolista dei SerT. Appunti Sparsi, 1997; 1: 5-9 "

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